Multi-level governance (MLG) is a system of co-operation between national, regional, and local governments, along with non-governmental stakeholders, to develop and implement policies effectively. It includes vertical co-ordination across government levels, horizontal collaboration among institutions, and engagement with civil society and the private sector. By promoting shared decision-making, MLG enhances policy efficiency, resource distribution, and democratic participation.
Multi-level governance
About
Key elements
The elements below work together to create an efficient, inclusive, and responsive governance system across all levels of government:
- Vertical co-ordination – Interaction between national, regional, and local governments to align policies and responsibilities.
- Horizontal collaboration – Co-operation among institutions at the same governance level, such as ministries, municipalities or regional bodies.
- Competences - Decision-making and service provision assigned to the lowest possible level of government, ensuring efficiency and proximity to citizens.
- Financial decentralisation – Allocation of financial resources to different levels of government, ensuring fiscal autonomy and sustainability, but also responsible fiscal management.
- Institutional and legal frameworks – Clear regulations and governance structures that define the roles and responsibilities of different levels.
- Stakeholder engagement – Inclusion of civil society, private sector, and international organisations in decision-making.
- Intergovernmental relations – Mechanisms for co-ordination, negotiation, and dispute resolution between government levels.
- Accountability and oversight – Transparent governance practices, audits, and public participation to ensure responsible management.
